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            <text>&lt;a href="https://upnip10edu.net/histoire-haiti.html"&gt;https://upnip10edu.net/histoire-haiti.html&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            <text>Gusti-Klara Gaillard</text>
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            <text>Public University of Nippes</text>
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            <text>2024</text>
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            <text>Haiti</text>
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            <text>Il y a 199 ans, en juillet 1825, le paiement d’une indemnité coloniale dite « dette de l’indépendance » a été imposé par l’ancienne métropole à Haïti. Il s’agit d’un fait politique et économique aux lourds impacts pour le devenir de la nation1 . Le principe de cette créance française est assurément lié à l’indépendance proclamée par la population d’Haïti 21 ans plus tôt, en 1804. Il est également lié à l’abolition générale de l’esclavage, décrétée encore bien plus tôt, en 1793, dans la alors « Partie française de Saint-Domingue » et confirmée en février 1794 par l’État français aux prises, en métropole, avec une révolution.   &#13;
&#13;
199 years ago, in July 1825, the payment of a colonial indemnity known as the "independence debt" was imposed on Haiti by the former colonial power. This was a political and economic event with profound consequences for the future of the nation . The principle of this French debt is undoubtedly linked to the independence proclaimed by the people of Haiti 21 years earlier, in 1804. It is also linked to the general abolition of slavery, decreed even earlier, in 1793, in the then "French Part of Saint-Domingue," and confirmed in February 1794 by the French state, which was grappling with a revolution in metropolitan France.                               </text>
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            <text>Kristen Walker</text>
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              <text>Il y a 199 ans, la « dette de l’indépendance »: Un règlement de compte néocolonial et esclavagiste (1825-1922)</text>
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              <text>Anti-slavery movements</text>
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      <name>Colonialism</name>
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      <name>Enslaved Persons</name>
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      <name>Haiti</name>
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      <name>Independence</name>
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      <name>Slavery</name>
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