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              <text>American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) youth exhibit multiple health disparities, including high rates of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use, violence and delinquency, and mental health problems. Approximately 70% of AI/AN youth reside in urban areas, where negative outcomes on behavioral health and well-being are often high. Identity development may be particularly complex in urban settings, where youth may face more fragmented and lower density AI/AN communities, as well as mixed racial-ethnic ancestry and decreased familiarity with AI/AN lifeways. This study examines racial-ethnic and cultural identity among AI/AN adolescents and associations with behavioral health and well-being by analyzing quantitative data collected from a baseline assessment of 185 AI/AN urban adolescents from California who were part of a substance use intervention study. Adolescents who identified as AI/AN on their survey reported better mental health, less alcohol and marijuana use, lower rates of delinquency, and increased happiness and spiritual health.</text>
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              <text>This qualitative study examined the motivating factors and barriers of Native American male students acquiring postsecondary education. This study sought to understand the similarities and differences between motivating factors and barriers as they corresponded to their decisions to attend or not attend college. Further, key issues regarding the motivating factors and barriers for attending and completing college were examined. The major motivational factors were support and encouragement from family. The primary barriers were lack of funding and transportation. From a Tribal Critical Race Theory perspective, this study brought to the educational leadership field the structural inequalities related to programmatic and leadership in secondary and higher education institutions for Native American males. Findings suggested programs need to be developed assisting Native American men to make a successful transition from high school to college. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. </text>
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              <text>"Told through the eyes of Tish, a nineteen-year-old girl, in love with Fonny, a young sculptor who is the father of her child, Baldwin's story mixes the sweet and the sad. Tish and Fonny have pledged to get married, but Fonny is falsely accused of a terrible crime and imprisoned. Their families set out to clear his name, and as they face an uncertain future, the young lovers experience a kaleidoscope of emotions-affection, despair, and hope. In a love story that evokes the blues, where passion and sadness are inevitably intertwined, Baldwin has created two characters so alive and profoundly realized that they are unforgettably ingrained in the American psyche."</text>
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              <text>Il y a 199 ans, en juillet 1825, le paiement d’une indemnité coloniale dite « dette de l’indépendance » a été imposé par l’ancienne métropole à Haïti. Il s’agit d’un fait politique et économique aux lourds impacts pour le devenir de la nation1 . Le principe de cette créance française est assurément lié à l’indépendance proclamée par la population d’Haïti 21 ans plus tôt, en 1804. Il est également lié à l’abolition générale de l’esclavage, décrétée encore bien plus tôt, en 1793, dans la alors « Partie française de Saint-Domingue » et confirmée en février 1794 par l’État français aux prises, en métropole, avec une révolution.   &#13;
&#13;
199 years ago, in July 1825, the payment of a colonial indemnity known as the "independence debt" was imposed on Haiti by the former colonial power. This was a political and economic event with profound consequences for the future of the nation . The principle of this French debt is undoubtedly linked to the independence proclaimed by the people of Haiti 21 years earlier, in 1804. It is also linked to the general abolition of slavery, decreed even earlier, in 1793, in the then "French Part of Saint-Domingue," and confirmed in February 1794 by the French state, which was grappling with a revolution in metropolitan France.                               </text>
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                <text>Il y a 199 ans, la « dette de l’indépendance »: Un règlement de compte néocolonial et esclavagiste (1825-1922)</text>
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              <text>Substance misuse is associated with high impulsive behavior and may represent one behavioral manifestation of impulsive behavior. One predictor of substance misuse is childhood maltreatment, which is, in turn, associated with difficulty regulating unwanted emotion. Accordingly, impulsive behavior is high among individuals exposed to maltreatment and likely functions as one behavioral strategy for coping with unwanted internal experiences. Consequently, identification of behavioral processes that may account for the childhood maltreatment and impulsive behavior relation in substance misusers appears warranted. One process-based behavioral model that may be useful in this endeavor is psychological flexibility, which includes the inflexible processes of experiential avoidance (EA) and cognitive fusion. High EA is positively associated with substance misuse and childhood maltreatment. Moreover, high EA is related to impulsive behavior, suggesting impulsive behavior may be one behavioral manifestation of attempts to regulate unwanted emotions. High avoidance of maltreatmentrelated internal experiences may be expressed as impulsive behavior. As such, EA may mediate the childhood maltreatment-impulsive behavior relation. EA becomes dysfunctional when overused as a coping strategy, suggesting specification of individual-level factors associated with increased EA in the context of childhood maltreatment may be warranted. High cognitive fusion is associated with impulsive behavior, including high substance use, EA, and negative sequelae of maltreatment. Indeed, entanglement with one’s thoughts may worsen distressing experiences related to maltreatment, thus strengthening the childhood maltreatment-EA relation. Yet, no research has distinguished the relations of impulsive behavior, childhood maltreatment, EA, and cognitive fusion among substance use treatment seekers. Accordingly, the present study examined these relations among a sample of substance use treatment seekers who reported exposure to childhood trauma (N=129). Results suggested history of childhood maltreatment was positively correlated with EA and cognitive fusion, and not correlated with impulsive choice. EA was positively correlated with cognitive fusion and not correlated with impulsive choice. Cognitive fusion and impulsive choice were positively correlated. EA did not account for the relation of childhood maltreatment and impulsive behavior, and cognitive fusion did not moderate the relation of childhood maltreatment and EA. Results are discussed in terms of additional explanations that may modify the childhood maltreatment-impulsive choice relation.</text>
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              <text>This phenomenological study explored how Indigenous peoples experience healthcare in Northern Ontario. Sixteen Indigenous adults from a small rural Indigenous community in Northern Ontario were interviewed, eight participants were women and eight were men. Eight participants lived on reserve and eight lived off reserve. Their healthcare experiences were analyzed and summarized into themes of positive experiences, stereotyping, long ED wait time, knowledge of healthcare system, and cultural safety. Six main findings emerged. One of the major findings was that many participants were happy with their healthcare services, which is different from the current literature that centers on negative experiences. This satisfaction may relate to the small reserve community, that many members know the healthcare providers at the nearby hospitals and medical clinics. In a second major finding, however, participants did experience racism and stereotyping and perceived differential treatment and lack of empathy, as indicated in the current literature. Many participants also experienced long waiting time in ED and this aligned with the literature. Fourth, agency emerged in the findings. Some participants felt that their good knowledge of the healthcare system and speaking up helped them in acquiring better healthcare services. Fifth, many participants indicated cultural safety and sensitivity are important in their healthcare and suggested the healthcare facilities implement cultural training as well as making an effort to display some Indigenous artwork to help Indigenous peoples feel welcomed in such facilities. A sixth main finding of this study was that many participants valued the Indigenous health centres where Indigenous traditional health practices and Western medicine co-exist. It is proposed that health centres/hospitals should be built based on Indigenous worldviews and traditional medicine and health practices, with importation and integration the Western healthcare system into these settings.</text>
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              <text>Victoria Aarons and Alan L. Berger show that Holocaust literary representation has continued to flourish—gaining increased momentum even as its perspective shifts, as a third generation adds its voice to the chorus of post-Holocaust writers. In negotiating the complex thematic imperatives and narrative conceits of the literature of these writers, this bold new work examines those structures, ironies, disjunctions, and tensions that produce a literature lamenting loss for a generation removed spatially and temporally from the extended trauma of the Holocaust. Aarons and Berger address evolving notions of “postmemory”; the intergenerational transmission of trauma; inherited memory; the psychological tensions of post-Holocaust Jewish identity; tropes of memory and the personalized narrative voice; generational dislocation and anxiety; the recurrent antagonisms of assimilation and alienation; the imaginative reconstruction of the past; and the future of Holocaust memory and representation.</text>
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              <text>This chapter summarizes our current understanding of the many ways massive psychic trauma is known, for central to the response to trauma are the issues of knowing and forgetting. The chapter focuses on the attempt to know, the defenses against knowledge, the different levels of knowing that are possible, the inevitable limits of knowing, and implications for healing. It progresses from an initial focus on survivors of the Holocaust to a later focus on the next generation. The authors briefly address the question of modes of transmission of memory from one generation to the next. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)</text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000284"&gt;https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000284&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>Brent Bezo, Stefania Maggi</text>
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              <text>Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy</text>
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              <text>This study investigated the perceived intergenerational impact of the 1932–1933 forced starvation-genocide of Ukrainians and reports the perceived impact of the mass trauma on physical health and well-being across three generations. Method: Interviews were conducted with survivors of the 1930s mass trauma and their adult children and grandchildren. In total, 45 interviews were conducted in Ukraine and a qualitative thematic method was used to analyze the interview texts. Results: Two main themes emerged from the qualitative analysis. First, survivors noted adverse physical health outcomes stemming from their experiences with the 1930s mass trauma. Second, mainly descendants of survivors reported that the mass trauma set into motion biological, psychological and social processes, which in turn, have negatively affected physical health across generations. Conclusions: Participants viewed the mass trauma of the 1930s to have affected the physical health of not only survivors, but also their adult children and grandchildren born decades after the traumatic event. Recommendations are made for cultural awareness training for clinicians who treat patients with family histories of ancestral trauma.</text>
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              <text>Kristen Walker</text>
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                <text>Intergenerational Perceptions of Mass Trauma’s Impact on Physical Health and Well-Being</text>
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                <text>Psychology </text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.247"&gt;https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.247&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>1740634X</text>
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              <text>English</text>
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              <text>Open Access </text>
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              <text>The hypothesis that offspring are affected by parental trauma or stress exposure, first noted anecdotally, is now supported empirically by data from Holocaust survivor offspring cohorts and other populations. These findings have been extended to less extreme forms of stress, where differential physical, behavioral, and cognitive outcomes are observed in affected offspring. Parental stress-mediated effects in offspring could be explained by genetics or social learning theory. Alternatively, biological variations stemming from stress exposure in parents could more directly have an impact on offspring, a concept we refer to here as ‘intergenerational transmission’, via changes to gametes and the gestational uterine environment. We further extend this definition to include the transmission of stress to offspring via early postnatal care, as animal studies demonstrate the importance of early maternal care of pups in affecting offsprings’ long-term behavioral changes. Here, we review clinical observations in offspring, noting that offspring of stress- or trauma-exposed parents may be at greater risk for physical, behavioral, and cognitive problems, as well as psychopathology. Furthermore, we review findings concerning offspring biological correlates of parental stress, in particular, offspring neuroendocrine, epigenetic, and neuroanatomical changes, in an attempt to determine the extent of parental stress effects. Although understanding the etiology of effects in offspring is currently impeded by methodological constraints, and limitations in our knowledge, we summarize current information and conclude by presenting hypotheses that have been prompted by recent studies in the field.</text>
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              <text>Maria Qureshi</text>
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