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              <text>Memorialisation of those who died during the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi has been an ongoing concern for both the Rwandan and non-Rwandan communities. The majority of the existing memorials were initially constructed by survivors supported by the local community, administration and other partners in response to the urgent need to bury the bodies of genocide victims. These sites have transformed over the years as memorial policies have codified and evolved. Memorial museums reflect the growing tendency of viewing trauma sites as artistic, interactive spaces that engage with those who visit them. This article examines the aesthetics of memory in three memorial museums situated in Rwanda’s western province: Bisesero, Gatwaro and Ngoma. It reflects on the work of the Rwandan architect Vedaste Ngarambe and his contribution as a local voice by considering how the architect’s aesthetic design choices reflect not only stories of the massacres that unfolded at the three sites but also the mourning culture of the community in which they are located.</text>
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              <text>A Son of Two Countries is a story of struggle for education. Born in 1946 in Rwanda under Belgian colonial rule, the author recounts his early education in Rwanda and later as a refugee in Tanzania. He was naturalized as a Tanzanian citizen in 1980 while doing his undergraduate studies at the University of Dar es Salaam. As he struggled to get education, the author was also grappling with his refugee status, with all the challenges that it entailed. The book gives insights into the contradictions of colonial and post-colonial education, as well as the authors reflections on education in Tanzania, given his long experience in the education sector in that country. Finally, we get some glimpses into the dual identity of the author as a Tanzanian citizen of Rwandan origin and how this shaped his relationship with the two countries he calls home. As he aptly puts it, Rwanda gave me my heart; Tanzania gave me my brain. I find it difficult to choose between my heart and my brain.</text>
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              <text>In 1994, over a hundred days, more than a million Tutsis were killed in a genocide that tore Rwanda apart. Three decades later, one hundred Rwandan storytellers reflect on what happened and how they have carried on living in the aftermath of catastrophe. These are not full testimonies, but instead searing insights into particularly vivid memories, decisions and moments of change. They take us to the core of what it means to be human in the face of violence and death. Editor Jo Ingabire Moys is herself a child survivor of genocide. Gathering together these different perspectives - one for every day of the killings - helps her make sense of Rwanda's past. We hear from survivors, rescuers, perpetrators, returnees and their children. These are the stories of Rwanda, told by Rwandans to other Rwandans: stories of the past in the present, and remaining connected today.</text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/100_Days_100_Stories.html?id=_EMP0QEACAAJ&amp;amp;source=kp_book_description"&gt;https://books.google.com/books/about/100_Days_100_Stories.html?id=_EMP0QEACAAJ&amp;amp;source=kp_book_description&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>The 1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda and its aftermath led to large-scale individual traumatization, disruption of family structures, shifts in gender roles, and tensions in communities, which are all ongoing. Previous research around the world has demonstrated the transgenerational effects of mass violence on individuals, families and communities. In Rwanda, in light of recurrent episodes of violence in the past, attention to the potential ‘cycle of violence’ is warranted. The assumption that violence is passed from generation to generation was first formulated in research on domestic violence and child abuse, but is receiving increasing attention in conflict-affected societies. However, the mechanisms behind intergenerational transmission are still poorly understood. Based on qualitative research with 41 mothers and their adolescent children, we investigated how legacies of the 1994 genocide and its aftermath are transmitted to the next generation through processes in the family environment in Rwanda. Our findings reveal direct and indirect pathways of transmission. We also argue that intergenerational effects might best be described as heterotypic: genocide and its aftermath lead to multiple challenges in the children’s lives, but do not necessarily translate into new physical violence. Further research is needed on how children actively engage with conflict legacies of the past.</text>
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              <text>Since 1983 journalist Bill Berkeley has traveled through Africa’s most troubled lands-Rwanda, Liberia, South Africa, Sudan, Uganda, and Zaire-seeking out the tyrants and military leaders who orchestrate seemingly intractable wars. Shattering the myth that ancient tribal hatred lies at the heart of the continent’s troubles, Berkeley instead holds accountable the “Big Men” who came to power during this period, describing the very rational methods behind their apparent madness.</text>
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