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                  <text>The Holocaust, 1939-1945</text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11381586/"&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11381586/&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>Daniel Brom, Haim Dasberg, Revital Kfir</text>
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              <text>2001</text>
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              <text>The effects of the Holocaust on the offspring of survivors have remained unclear in discussions between clinicians, clinical researchers and empirical researchers. The authors report on a controlled double-blind study designed to test these effects using the sensitivity of clinicians to intrapsychic constellations and processes. The all female sample was randomly selected from several Jerusalem neighborhoods. The index subjects (n = 31), born between 1946 and 1960, had at least one parent (mother) who suffered persecution at the hands of the Nazi regime during WWII. The controls (N = 31), matched for age, educational status and birth order, were born to parents who had not lived under the occupation of the Nazi regime and had not suffered losses of close relatives in WWII. In-depth double-blind interviews, conducted by experienced psychodynamic psychotherapists, focused on personality characteristics without questioning individual development. The only measure used was a 48-item questionnaire completed by the therapists at the end of the interview. The study showed that daughters of Holocaust survivors are characterized by more problems in the realm of separation individuation issues. It also confirmed previous findings that the offspring of Holocaust survivors do not show more psychopathology than the general population. </text>
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              <text>Just under 10,000 Jewish children fled to Britain from Europe from December 1938 to September 1939. Not much was known about their journeys, until recently.</text>
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              <text>This volume represents the most comprehensive collection ever produced of empirical research on Holocaust education around the world. It comes at a critical time, as the world observes the 70th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz.&#13;
&#13;
We are now at a turning point, as the generations that witnessed and survived the Shoah are slowly passing on. Governments are charged with ensuring that this defining event of the 20th century takes its rightful place in the schooling and the historical consciousness of their peoples.&#13;
&#13;
The policies and practices of Holocaust education around the world are as diverse as the countries that grapple with its history and its meaning. Educators around the globe struggle to reconcile national histories and memories with the international realities of the Holocaust and its implications for the present. These efforts take place at a time when scholarship about the Holocaust itself has made great strides.&#13;
&#13;
In this book, these issues are framed by some of the leading voices in the field, including Elie Wiesel and Yehuda Bauer, and then explored by many distinguished scholars who represent a wide range of expertise.&#13;
&#13;
Holocaust education is of such significance, so rich in meaning, so powerful in content, and so diverse in practice that the need for extensive, high-quality empirical research is critical. This book provides exactly that.</text>
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              <text>Focusing on the novels and films of daughters and sons of Holocaust survivors, this book sheds light on the relationship between the Holocaust and contemporary Jewish identity. It is the first systematic analysis of a body of work that introduces a new generation of Jewish writers and filmmakers, as well as revealing how the survivors’ legacy is shaping–and being shaped by–the second generation. &#13;
&#13;
Carefully studying the work of these contemporary children of Job, Berger demonstrates how the offspring, like the survivors themselves, represent a variety of orientations to Judaism, have significant theological differences, and share the legacy of the Shoah. Berger clearly shows that members of the second generation participate fully in both the American and Jewish dimensions of their identity and articulates distinctive second-generation theological and psychosocial themes.</text>
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              <text>This book takes a deeper look into the darker side of the human condition by examining the psyches of those who have been victims or survivors of heinous acts perpetrated by others. From the “personal Holocaust” of sexual abuse in the family, to the genocidal persecution during “the” Holocaust, and from the shared national horror of September 11 to the Palestinian/Israeli situation, a special model of the traumatized mind is evolved to further our understanding of such “dark matters”. The traditional models of the mind fall short when dealing with extraordinary people under ordinary conditions as well as with ordinary people under extraordinary conditions.</text>
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              <text>A partir de l’étude de deux œuvres majeures de la littérature concentrationnaire, l’auteur s’interroge sur les conditions de maintien du sentiment d’appartenance à l’humain dans les situations extrêmes. On étudiera ici la spécificité du phénomène génocidaire, dont la Shoah est le paradigme, et sa différence par rapport aux autres persécutions. L’hypothèse avancée est qu’en détruisant le pacte identificatoire qui lie le sujet à l’humanité, le génocide l’a définitivement privé du recours au groupe, indispensable pour le traitement du négatif et de la honte. Sans l’étayage du groupe, la tentative de penser le négatif se mue pour le sujet en une entreprise d’auto-destruction, qui aboutit à la désobjectalisation absolue, parfois jusqu’au suicide.</text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2018.1560663"&gt;https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2018.1560663&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>The present study investigates whether secondary traumatization (i.e., family history of Holocaust survival and secondary exposure to captivity) is implicated in subjective age. Women exposed to different levels of secondary traumatization (N 1⁄4 177) were assessed. Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) revealed that a Holocaust background and husband’s captivity had a marginally significant positive effect on age appearance. Women with a Holocaust background whose husbands were held captive reported older interest age, indicating double jeopardy for older subjective age when two sources of secondary traumatization are present. A similar trend existed for behavior age. Possible explanations for these complex findings of risk and resilience are discussed.</text>
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              <text>Adult offspring of Holocaust survivors comprise an informative cohort in which to study intergenerational transmission of the effects of trauma exposure. Lower cortisol and enhanced glucocorticoid sensitivity have been previously demonstrated in Holocaust survivors with PTSD, and in offspring of Holocaust survivors in association with maternal PTSD. In other work, reduction in the activity of the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD-2), which inactivates cortisol, was identified in Holocaust survivors in comparison to age-matched, unexposed Jewish controls. Therefore, we investigated glucocorticoid metabolism in offspring of Holocaust survivors to evaluate if similar enzymatic decrements would be observed that might help to explain glucocorticoid alterations previously shown for Holocaust offspring.</text>
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              <text>The Nazi Holocaust is recognized as representing the ultimate culture of terror (Lewin, 1993). It has been argued that the effects of torture and maltreatment entered the scientific consciousness in its aftermath (Engdahl &amp; Eberly, 1990). The enormity of the suffering of survivors of Nazi concentration camps and other atrocities has led to pioneering research on the long-term effects of massive psychic trauma. The history and contributions of the literature on survivors of the Nazi Holocaust also poignantly illustrate the complexities, ethical dilemmas, and scientific challenges inherent in understanding and documenting the role of perpetrators, bystanders, rescuers, and healers at various points in the experience and aftermath of trauma (Hilberg, 1992). The ethical and moral implications of focusing on alternative perspectives must also be acknowledged. A focus on documenting adverse impacts may serve to revictimize survivors, whereas a focus on their adaptability, strength, and resiliency may be construed as trivializing the horrors that they have endured (Davidson &amp; Charny, 1992).</text>
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              <text>The psychiatric literature is divided with regard to the long-term psychological effects associated with Holocaust (Shoah) experiences because the findings of clinical and empirical studies often contradict each other. Despite case reports of emotional sequelae related to intergenerational transmission of trauma, recent empirical research has suggested that offspring of survivors of the Shoah did not differ from other children and found no evidence that traumatic experiences of survivors of the Shoah affected their children's and grandchildren's adjustment. To shed light on some of the differences between the empirical and clinical observations, the present study set out to compare the grandchildren of survivors of the Shoah and persons of the same age whose families had not been through the Shoah experience. This study compared the two groups on some psychological dimensions relevant to traumatic sequelae: hopelessness, temperament, personality, attitudes, and interpersonal expectations. Subjects were 124 equally divided among the Shoah survivors' grandchildren and comparison groups; we administered to all subjects TEMPS-A Rome, Beck Hopelessness Scale, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, and 9AP (9 Attachment Profile). We found no differences between two groups in Hopelessness, Dysthimic/Cyclotimic/Anxious, Hyperthimic temperament, and self-perception; instead the Shoah survivors' grandchildren have a view of the other as rejecting, hostile, submissive, insecure, unreliable, and competitive in the interpersonal relationships. The Shoah survivors' grandchildren are similar to controls in affective temperament, hopelessness and self-perception, but they are more irritable and angry than controls, and their perception about others is deeply negative. Attribution theory was used to elucidate these findings.</text>
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              <text>Victoria Aarons and Alan L. Berger show that Holocaust literary representation has continued to flourish—gaining increased momentum even as its perspective shifts, as a third generation adds its voice to the chorus of post-Holocaust writers. In negotiating the complex thematic imperatives and narrative conceits of the literature of these writers, this bold new work examines those structures, ironies, disjunctions, and tensions that produce a literature lamenting loss for a generation removed spatially and temporally from the extended trauma of the Holocaust. Aarons and Berger address evolving notions of “postmemory”; the intergenerational transmission of trauma; inherited memory; the psychological tensions of post-Holocaust Jewish identity; tropes of memory and the personalized narrative voice; generational dislocation and anxiety; the recurrent antagonisms of assimilation and alienation; the imaginative reconstruction of the past; and the future of Holocaust memory and representation.</text>
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              <text>This chapter summarizes our current understanding of the many ways massive psychic trauma is known, for central to the response to trauma are the issues of knowing and forgetting. The chapter focuses on the attempt to know, the defenses against knowledge, the different levels of knowing that are possible, the inevitable limits of knowing, and implications for healing. It progresses from an initial focus on survivors of the Holocaust to a later focus on the next generation. The authors briefly address the question of modes of transmission of memory from one generation to the next. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)</text>
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                <text>Intergenerational Memory of the Holocaust</text>
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        <name>Transgenerational Transmission of Trauma</name>
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